PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA:
FINDING CLARITY AMONG THE
VARIOUS TYPES AND DEFINITIONS
Dimitri Dionisatos, B.Sc. RP (Qualifying)
DOES YOUR CHILD EXHIBIT
DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES?
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY
IDENTIFICATION AND
INTERVENTION
Caiden Royce, B.Sc. (Hons)
WELCOME TO OUR WINTER 2025 NEWSLETTER
Snow and cold weather are here. If you are not a winter sports enthusiast, February and
March can be the dreariest, and most depressing and stressful time of the year as you
recover from the holiday season and if you have to face the personal, family or financial issues you have been avoiding!
In this Newsletter we have an article by psychotherapist Dimitri Dionisatos on
Psychological Trauma: Finding Clarity Among the Various Types and Definitions.
Our other article is by Caiden Royce, an Instructor Therapist in our Autism and Behaviour Program on Child Developmental Issues
and the Importance of Early Identification and Intervention
If you or a family member are experiencing personal issues then your EFAP can help you address and manage conflict, burnout, grief,
stress, anxiety, financial issues, and relationship difficulties. We provide services both in person and virtually, whichever you prefer, just
give our Reception a call.
PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA: FINDING CLARITY AMONG THE VARIOUS
TYPES AND DEFINITIONS
Dimitri Dionisatos, B.Sc. RP (Qualifying)
Do you ever look at your child/adolescent and wonder what’s going on with them?
Does your child/adolescent seem to only throw “fits” when reading or doing math?</p >
Psychological trauma is the result of an experience or series of experiences
that is perceived by an individual as emotionally or physically
damaging or threatening, and that has long-term adverse effects on an
individual’s various domains of wellness, including their emotional,
social, physical, and/or spiritual well-being (Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration, 2012).
If you were to take a poll of what ten people on the street think trauma
is, you would find that many of them would cite examples like being
exposed to war, physical or sexual abuse, and life-threatening accidents.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
5th Edition (DSM-5) has reinforced the notion that an individual has
only experienced trauma if they were exposed “to actual or threatened
death, serious injury, or sexual violence” (American Psychiatric Association,
2013). These can be classified as Big ”T” Traumas.
However, trauma can also result from divorce, infidelity, rejection by
peers, or work termination which may not sound as debilitating but
these Small “t” Traumas also can have profound and lasting effects on
an individual’s wellbeing.
Here it is important to note that not everyone exposed to Small “t”
Trauma or Big “T” Trauma events will go on to develop a mental
health diagnosis or long-lasting adverse effects of the trauma.
Big “T” Trauma
A Big “T” trauma typically involves exposure to serious injury, an
actual or threatened death, during a natural disaster, war or combat,
serious accident, or sexual violence. These events can leave an individual
feeling shocked, despondent, and/or helpless. The literature
examining the short-term and long-term effects of Big “T” traumas
is clear – exposure can lead to flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of
potentially traumatic events, strong feelings of fear, guilt, horror, or
shame, and hypervigilance.
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Small “t” Trauma
Small “t” traumas are life experiences that can create long-lasting difficulties that may lead to a specific mental health diagnosis or contribute to additional symptoms (Leeds, 2016). While Small “t” traumas may seem less significant from an adult perspective, they can be particularly damaging and terrifying to a child (Morrisey, 2013). For example, not feeling loved as a child is linked with fear of survival because the child is dependent on their parents for their survival. Other examples of Small “t” trauma include being bullied, constant criticism from peers or parents, separation, or divorce, financial or work stress. These experiences can harm an individual’s self-esteem and trust by altering an individual’s beliefs about themselves, others, and the world. Furthermore, the effects of these Small “t” Traumas may compound over time, creating even more distress.
Treatment for Trauma
Some individuals are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of traumatic exposure than others. Certain factors, such as an anxious disposition and exposure to past trauma have been correlated with an individual’s vulnerability to future trauma. Investigating these factors need to be a component of planning and providing treatment and cultivating resilience.
Whether you have experienced Small “t” traumas, Big “t” traumas, or a combination of the two, there are effective psychotherapeutic treatments. Evidence-based treatments for trauma include exposure therapy, cognitive processing therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).
These treatments can substantially reduce symptoms of trauma through various psychotherapeutic activities, such as the reprocessing of memories, thoughts, and beliefs.
Working through any form of trauma can be exhausting and difficult, but with the help of a trained mental health professional there is hope for relief of symptoms and regaining a high quality of life.
Dimitri Dionisatos is a Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) who provides individual, family, and couples’ psychotherapy. His practice includes providing psychotherapy to address trauma and abuse and utilizes various evidence-based therapeutic modalities, including DBT, CBT, ACT, EMDR, and EFIT.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013).
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Morrissey, M. (2013). EMDR
as an integrative therapeutic approach for the treatment of separation anxiety disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(4), 200-207.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2012).
vSAMHSA’s working definition of trauma and guidance for trauma-informed approach.
DOES YOUR CHILD EXHIBIT DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES? THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY IDENTIFICATION AND INTERVENTION
Caiden Royce, B.Sc. (Hons)
Childhood is a critical developmental period, setting the foundation for physical, emotional, social, and cognitive growth. If early developmental issues are properly addressed, the benefits can be seen in the child’s ability in various areas of life. The human brain has the most plasticity in the early years of life, making it more flexible to adapt neural circuits, to support healthier behaviour patterns better. The best and most important steps to reduce the long-term harmful effects of developmental issues are early identification and intervention. Addressing concerns early allows for interventions that can significantly improve outcomes for children and their families.
Understanding Early Developmental Issues
Developmental issues are delays or atypical progress in areas such as language, motor skills, emotional regulation, and social behaviour. An indication of developmental issues can be when a child shows delays or difficulties in reaching developmental milestones compared to their peers. Early developmental issues range from mild delays to more severe conditions that require specialized interventions. These delays can significantly impact future development as a child may fall behind peers and, without proper intervention, stay behind. The delays can influence many areas of life, including academic performance, social relationships, and mental health outcomes. The effects of developmental disorders extend beyond the individual, with many families finding themselves dealing with unexpected stresses that can be emotionally
and financially challenging. Fortunately, when developmental delays or disorders are detected early, intervention can greatly improve a child’s development and overall quality of life – for all family members.
Common developmental issues include:
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Learning Disabilities
- Speech and Language Delays
- Motor Skill Deficits
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects individuals and is exhibited in diverse ways. ASD influences the way a child communicates, experiences the world, and interacts with others. ASD is often characterized by differences and difficulties with communication, differential processing of sensory information, intense and limited interests, and repetitive behaviours. Symptoms can appear as early as 12 months of age but typically become more noticeable around the age of three. Children with ASD often struggle with eye contact, understanding social cues, and engaging in reciprocal conversations.
Due to challenges with communication, children with ASD often face difficulties in school, particularly with social interactions and adapting to change.
Raising a child with ASD requires specialized care, and many families need access to therapy and educational support, increasing emotional and financial stress.
Early diagnosis is crucial for effective intervention. Professionals agree the earlier, the better. Assessment for ASD typically involves observing the child’s behaviour, communication skills, and social interactions. Intervention strategies include Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and social skills programs, which all have shown to be significantly effective. Early intervention is key to improving communication and social skills and reducing challenging behaviours.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by executive dysfunction and is one the most common disorders affecting children. Common symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Children with ADHD may have difficulty staying focused and organized, following instructions, and sitting still. Children with ADHD often struggle with paying attention in class and completing tasks/assignments, impacting academic performance. Children’s social relationships can also be impacted by impulsive behaviours or difficulty following social norms. Families of children with ADHD often feel frustration and stress when dealing with certain behavioural aspects of ADHD that other families are not challenged with. Without proper intervention, certain issues can persist into adolescence and adulthood, affecting the child’s long-term success in school and beyond.
ADHD is assessed and diagnosed through behavioural assessments, including teacher and parent questionnaires and observations. Early intervention can help children with ADHD develop effective strategies to improve attention and manage hyperactivity. Interventions can include behavioural therapy, parent training, and, in some cases, medication. Classroom accommodations, such as extended test times or a designated quiet space to work, can further help children with ADHD succeed academically.
Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities refer to difficulties in specific areas of learning, such as reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), or math (dyscalculia). Learning disabilities are often the result of a condition in one’s brain causing them to process certain information atypically. Children with learning disabilities often struggle significantly in one area but perform well in other academic areas. Children with learning disabilities often experience frustration and low self-esteem as they struggle in school in comparison to their peers. Families of children with learning disabilities often experience increased stress as they advocate for appropriate accommodations and support.
Learning disabilities are assessed and diagnosed through academic assessments, psychological testing, and interviews with parents and teachers. Interventions may include specialized tutoring, individualized education programs (IEPs), and assistive technologies within the classroom. Early intervention is key to helping children with learning disabilities develop strategies to succeed in school and boost their confidence.
The Lifelong Impact of Early Intervention
Early identification and intervention for developmental issues are critical in shaping a child’s future development. With the right support, children with developmental disabilities such as autism, ADHD, and learning disabilities can achieve their full potential. Families who recognize the importance of early intervention and actively seek out resources can help their children thrive academically, socially, and emotionally. Early support benefits the child and fosters a stronger family dynamic, alleviating stress and promoting well-being.
For parents and caregivers, the key lies in understanding that developmental delays are not necessarily permanent, and that early action can make a significant difference. By recognizing the signs early and seeking appropriate support, we can ensure that children receive the help they need to grow into confident, capable adults. The benefits of early intervention extend beyond childhood, benefitting the entire family, and fostering a more inclusive, supportive environment for all.
References for this article can be found at www.qxplore.com/winter-2025
Caiden Royce has a B.Sc. (Hons) degree from Queen’s University with a major in Psychology. Caiden is an Instructor Therapist with the Quinte Assessment and Treatment Group, Autism and Behaviour Program where he provides one-to-one Applied Behavioural Analysis services to children and adolescents in school, home and community settings. Caiden also provides social media marketing services for the Qxplore Group.
Did you know…
→Appointments are scheduled at a time that is convenient for you and usually within two to three days?
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→A comprehensive description of the services provided through your EAP is available through your EAP brochure or on our website at www.qxplore.com?
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